![]() These keywords were used separately and in combination using Boolean operators “OR” or “AND” as well as medical subject heading terms). meningitidis), and Enterobacter species were also used as searching terms. influenzae), Shigella species, Salmonella species, Acinetobacter species, Citrobacter species, Neisseria meningitidis(N. The specific name of each common gram-negative bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. First, articles were searched by examining the full title (“gram-negative bacteria isolates and their antibiotic-resistance patterns among pediatrics patients in Ethiopia”) and then keywords (bacterial infection, bacteria prevalence, drug resistance, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility, pediatric patients, Ethiopia). PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct, the Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Hinari, Sci-Hub, African Journals Online Library, and free-text web searches using Google Scholar were searched for articles. The comprehensive search for studies was done by two (BK and WY) of the authors from August to September 16, 2021. This systematic review was conducted in compliance with Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, 2009) 2 ( Supplemental file 3). Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synergize the previous work by determining the resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria among pediatrics patients isolated from different clinical specimens in the country. 8 However, the study was conducted regardless of age classification and samples only from wound infection. 19 Currently, there is one published review on the patterns of antibiotic resistance to gram-negative bacteria in Ethiopia. 15 – 18 In addition, due to the presence of the outer layer envelope, gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics than gram-positive bacteria. 10 – 14ĭifferent studies conducted in the various areas of the world showed that there is a high burden of gram-negative resistance strains of bacteria to available antibiotics which compromise the success of various surgical procedures, cancer chemotherapy, and the treatment of many infections. 9 Gram-negative bacteria are common cause of different human infectious diseases, such as urinary tract infections, wound infections, gastroenteritis, ear infection, meningitis, septicemia, and pneumonia. The majority of these microorganisms are gram-negative bacteria. 8 The World Health Organization (WHO) released a list of antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens to combat the AMR crisis, to promote the development of new antibiotics, and advocate rational use of the available ones. 6, 7 Understanding the prevalence of common pathogens is essential for definitive antibiotic therapy and reduces exposure of non-involved bacterial pathogens to unnecessary antibiotics. 3, 5Įffective empirical therapy of bacterial diseases in the pediatrics population requires knowledge of local AMR patterns, acquired through up-to-date surveillance. These factors lead to compromised care, outdated antibiotic guidelines, and the emergence of resistance. 4 AMR has drastically amplified due to the irrational prescribing and/or inappropriate use of antibiotics, and limited availability of reliable laboratories, particularly blood culture, in areas far from hospitals. ![]() It is estimated that 700,000 people die annually as a result of AMR, and this figure will rise to 10 million by 2050 if no action is taken. 3Īntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the serious threats to global public health it affects the ability to treat the infection effectively and puts patients at risk of prolonged illness, complications, and death. This is because of the increment of antibiotic resistance to gram-negative bacteria. 1, 2 Even though the introduction of broad-spectrum antibiotics has been made over the last 70 years, the mortality and morbidity rate due to these life-threatening pathogens remains high. Infectious diseases including bacterial infections are the leading causes of childhood mortality, particularly in developing countries. ![]()
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